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What is Singapore?

74.3% Chinese Singaporeans
13.3% Malay Singaporeans
9.1% Indian Singaporeans
3.3% other
See Ethnic groups of Singapore
Religion (2015)[8]
33.2% Buddhism
18.8% Christianity
18.5% No religion
14.0% Islam
10.0% Taoism and Chinese folk religion
5.0% Hinduism
0.6% other
See Religion in Singapore
Demonym(s)
Singaporean
Government
Unitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional republic

• President
Halimah Yacob
• Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
• Parliament Speaker
Tan Chuan-Jin
• Chief Justice
Sundaresh Menon
Legislature
Parliament
Independence from the United Kingdom

• Self-governance
3 June 1959
• Malaysia Agreement
16 September 1963
• Proclamation of Singapore
9 August 1965
• ASEAN Declaration
8 August 1967
Area
• Total
725.7 km2 (280.2 sq mi)[9] (176th)
Population
• 2018 estimate
 5,638,700[10][Note 2] (113th)
• Density
7,804/km2 (20,212.3/sq mi) (2nd)
GDP (PPP)
2019 estimate
• Total
 $589.187 billion[11] (36th)
• Per capita
 $103,717[11] (3rd)
GDP (nominal)
2019 estimate
• Total
 $372.807 billion[11] (31st)
• Per capita
 $65,627[11] (7th)
Gini (2017)
 45.9[12]
medium
HDI (2018)
 0.935[13]
very high · 9th
Currency
Singapore dollar (S$) (SGD)
Time zone
UTC+8 (Singapore Standard Time)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Mains electricity
230 V–50 Hz
Driving side
left
Calling code
+65
ISO 3166 code
SG
Internet TLD
.sg
Singapore (/ˈsɪŋ(ɡ)əpɔːr/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country located in maritime Southeast Asia. Singapore lies about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, and, by extension, the southernmost extremity of continental Eurasia. The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia's Riau Islands, its northern, western, and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia, and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east. It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south, and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects.
Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Malay Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history, modern Singapore, then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate, was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles, a British colonial officer, established a trading post of the East India Company on the main island. In 1824, the main island and its satellite islands were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate, and in 1826, Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements, a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula.[Note 3] From 1830 to 1858, the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company's Bengal Presidency; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj. In 1867, Britain's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India, and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London, bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony.[14]
From 1867 to the 1940s, Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond. During the Second World War, Imperial Japan successfully invaded and annexed Singapore, resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief but violent Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. Following Japan's surrender in 1945, Singapore was returned to British control; in 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved, and Singapore became a standalone crown colony. In 1959, following a protracted period of agitation against colonial rule, Singapore gained limited autonomy from the British Empire. In 1963, Singapore became fully emancipated from colonial rule after it federated with the territories of the erstwhile British Malaya and British Borneo to form the country of Malaysia,[Note 4] but after two tumultuous years as a constituent state of the Malaysian Federation, and following intractable differences, Singapore was expelled in 1965, becoming the first country in modern history to gain independence against its will—though this narrative remains highly contentious.[Note 5] After early years of turbulence, the newly sovereign nation—viewed as a nonviable state by international observers due to its diminutiveness, geostrategic vulnerability, absence of natural resources, and lack of a hinterland—defied odds by rapidly developing and industrialising under the leadership of the founding People's Action Pa